Evaluation of a web-based intervention to optimize perinatal emotional wellbeing: A nested case-control study / Evaluación de una intervención basada en la web para optimizar el bienestar emocional perinatal: un estudio de casos y controles anidado

Background/Objective: WazzUp Mama© is a remotely delivered web-based tailored intervention to prevent and reduce perinatal emotional distress, originally developed in the Netherlands. The current study aimed to evaluate the adapted WazzUp Mama© intervention in a Flemish (Dutch-speaking part of Belgium) perinatal population. Methods: A 1:3 nested case-control study was performed. A data set including 676 participants (169 cases/507 controls) was composed based on core characteristics. Using independent t-test and chi-square, the two groups were compared for mean depression, self and perceived stigma, depression literacy scores, and for positive Whooley items and heightened depression scores. The primary analysis was adjusted for covariates. Results: The number of positive Whooley items, the above cut-off depression scores, mean depression, perceived stigma, and depression literacy scores showed statistically significant differences between cases and controls, in favor of the intervention group. When adjusting for the covariates, the statistically significant differences between cases and controls remained for depression, perceived stigma, and depression literacy, for the positive Whooley items and for above cut-off depression scores. Conclusion: WazzUp Mama© indicates to have a moderate to large positive effect on optimizing perinatal emotional wellbeing, to positively change perceived stigma and to increase depression literacy.(AU)

Virus y metáforas zombi: la universidad en la era del capitalismo digital / Virus and metaphors zombie

Desde la última década del Siglo XX y en particular desde la primera década del siglo XXI se ha venido consolidando una digitalización hipertextual de los datos, así como de la producción y gestión de conocimiento. Si bien ello precede a la pandemia global del COVID-19, ésta aceleró significativamente su naturalización. En armonía con este orden de cosas, se ha configurado una transformación radical del hacer universitario que lo ha posicionado como un auxiliar estratégico del Capitalismo Cognitivo. Este ensayo busca reflexionar sobre sus efectos y sobre el proceso de centralización que lo caracteriza

Since the last decade of the 20th century, and in particular since the first decade of the 21st century, a hypertextual digitization of data has been consolidating, as well as of the production and management of knowledge. While this predates the global COVID 19 pandemic, she significantly accelerated her naturalization. In harmony with this order of things, a radical transformation of university work has been configured that has positioned it as a strategic auxiliary of Cognitive Capitalism. This essay seeks to reflect on its effects and on the centralization process that characterizes it

How does digital life influence the health service use among rural residents? Evidence from China.

BACKGROUND: The Healthy China strategy is an important development objective of the 14th Five-Year Plan and Vision 2035 in China, while health service use in rural China has been a weak link in this strategy. OBJECTIVE: Nowadays, people's health service use will be influenced by digital technology due to the arrival of the Digital Age, and that is the reason why our interest is to discuss the effect of digital life on health service use among rural residents. METHODS: We use the data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) 2020 to examine the effect of digital life on health service use among rural residents, and we use Instrumental Variables method to control the endogenous problem and use KHB model to discuss the mechanism of this effect. RESULTS: It was found that digital life has increased the health service use among rural residents significantly, and this result has been verified by robust test and Instrumental Variables method. Besides, digital life can increase health service use through the information channel effect and the health literacy effect indirectly. Moreover, digital life has a more significant impact on the residents with low social capital, low physical capital and low social trust, which represents the inclusivity of digital life. CONCLUSION: The results of our paper will be helpful to examine the effect of the digital policy on promoting the health service use in rural China, and our findings will provide evidence of how to use digital life to enhance health service use among rural residents. Based on this, the government should take measures to eliminate the digital divide between urban and rural areas by promoting the level of digital life among rural residents, paying more attention to the digital literacy development among them, and forging ahead toward the great goal of the Healthy China under the Digital Age.

Efficacy and efficiency of information retrieval of community family physicians at the point of care: exploring the associations with information and computer literacy.

Objective: This study aimed to measure the association between the efficacy/efficiency of digital information retrieval among community family physicians at the point of care and information and computer literacy. Methods: This study is a part of a cross-sectional anonymous online survey-based study among community family physicians who reported no affiliation with an academic institution in eight Arab countries. Results: A total of 72 physicians were included. The mean total score for the information literacy scale was 59.8 out of 91 (SD = 11.4). The mean score was 29.3 (SD = 5.6) out of 55 on the computer literacy scale. A one-way ANOVA revealed a statistically significant association between information literacy and information retrieval efficacy (F (2,69) = 4.466, p = 0.015) and efficiency of information retrieval (F (2.69) = 4.563, p = 0.014). Computer literacy was not associated with information retrieval efficacy or efficiency. Conclusion: The information and computer literacy scores of community family physicians in eight Arab countries are average. Information literacy, rather than computer literacy, is positively associated with the efficacy and efficiency of information retrieval at the point of care. There is room for improvement in evidence-based medicine curricula and continuous professional development to improve information literacy for better information retrieval and patient care.

Metodología 'SLIDE-4-U' para implicar al alumnado en el desarrollo de la clase presencial / How to involve students in the development of the face-to-face class: the 'SLIDE-4-U' methodology

Introducción: Desde hace unos años, tanto en grupos grandes como pequeños, y principalmente en clases en línea, se hapuesto en práctica la metodología ‘SLIDE-4-U’ o ‘una diapositiva para ti’ (2020PID-UB/023), con el objetivo de implicar alestudiante en su propio proceso de aprendizaje y en el de sus compañeros. Se consiguió mediante la participación delalumnado en la explicación en clase de diapositivas específicamente diseñadas para este fin. Métodos: La experiencia se llevó a cabo en el primer semestre del curso 2021-22 en la asignatura Nutrición Molecular delgrado de Nutrición Humana y Dietética (Universitat de Barcelona). Se preparó una sesión de seminario presencial centrada en inmunonutrición. El profesor dirigió la sesión seleccionando de forma aleatoria al estudiante, que debía explicar ladiapositiva sin preparación previa. Las explicaciones del alumnado fueron complementadas o corregidas por el profesordurante el desarrollo de la actividad. Al final del seminario se realizó una encuesta de opinión en la que se constató labuena aceptación de esta iniciativa (puntuaciones medias superiores a 4,2 sobre 5). Resultados: El alumnado consideró que era un reto explicar una diapositiva sin prepararla previamente y que este hecho,asociado a no saber quién haría la explicación, había provocado un cierto clima de nerviosismo. Ahora bien, la mayoríaestaba de acuerdo en que los esquemas/imágenes aportados fueron suficientes para poder desarrollar la actividad y quelas explicaciones hechas por los compañeros eran suficientemente correctas. Asimismo, también valoraban positivamente la participación del profesor a la hora de completar las explicaciones de sus compañeros. En general, la metodologíautilizada hizo que el alumnado fuera más consciente de que las diapositivas tienen una estructura y un objetivo, y de ladificultad de comunicar correctamente...(AU)

Introduction: Lately, both in large and small groups and mainly in online classes, the 'SLIDE-4-U' or 'one slide for you' methodology (2020PID-UB/023) has been put into practice, with the aim of involving the student in their own learning process and that of their classmates. It is achieved through the participation of the students in the explanation of slides in class, specially designed for this purpose. Methods: The experience was carried out in the first semester of the 2021-22 academic year in the subject Molecular Nutrition of the Human Nutrition and Dietetics degree (Universitat de Barcelona). A face-to-face seminar session focused on immunonutrition was prepared with this type of material. The teacher led the session by randomly selecting the student, who had to explain the slide without prior preparation. The explanations of the students were complemented and/or corrected by the teacher, during the development of the activity. At the end of the seminar, an opinion survey was carried out in which the good acceptance of this initiative was verified (average scores higher than 4.2 out of 5). Results: The students considered that it was a challenge to explain a slide without previously preparing it, and that this fact, associated with not knowing who would do the explanation, had caused a certain climate of nervousness. However, the majority agreed that the diagrams/images provided were sufficient to be able to carry out the activity and that the explanations made by the classmates were correct enough. Likewise, they also positively valued the teacher's participation when completing the explanations of their classmates. In general, the methodology used made the students more aware that the slides have a structure and an objective, and of the difficulty of communicating correctly...(AU)

Evaluación del efecto Dunning-Kruger en relación a la vacunación: un estudio de los mensajesen la red social LinkedIn / Evaluation of the Dunning Kruger effect in relation to vaccination: a study of messages on the social network LinkedIn

FUNDAMENTOS: El efecto Dunning-Kruger hace referencia a un exceso de confianza respecto a las propias habilidades y conoci-mientos. Es este un sesgo cognitivo por el cual las personas con poca preparación, habilidad o conocimientos tienden a sobrestimarestos factores. La confianza lleva a transmitir la información de una manera asertiva, independientemente de la validez o veracidadde esta. En el contexto de la pandemia por la COVID-19 se han publicado gran cantidad de opiniones sin base científica en redes socia-les, ajenas a la información científica y de los expertos, pero de gran impacto en la opinión pública. Este estudio evaluó la existenciadel efecto Dunning-Kruger en los mensajes relacionados con la vacunación frente a la COVID-19 enLinkedIn. MÉTODOS: Se evaluaron 448 mensajes y se relacionaron los conocimientos y formación sobre el tema de los autores. En el trata-miento estadístico se procedió a realizar el test de Chi cuadrado para determinar si existe una asociación significativa entre las varia-bles, estableciendo el nivel de significancia en P<0,05. Estos procedimientos se llevaron a cabo utilizando software estadísticoSPSS. RESULTADOS: De los 448 mensajes, 153 reflejaron muy alta certeza, 115 certeza media, 107 certeza baja y 73 reflejaron dudas. Elgrupo que porcentualmente emitió más mensajes con certeza absoluta (41,8%) fue el de conocimientos mínimos sobre la COVID-19. De este grupo sin conocimiento en el tema solo el 7,1% expresaba mensajes sin manifestar certeza. El grupo con conocimientos muyelevados sobre el tema fue más propenso a reflejar incertidumbre, comunicando el 15,7% de los mensajes con certeza absoluta y el37,1% con certeza nula. CONCLUSIONES: Se obtiene que aquellas personas con menores conocimientos expresan de forma más asertiva sus mensajesy presentan en sus discursos menor aceptación de la vacuna para la COVID-19. Se demuestra la presencia del efecto...(AU)

BACKGROUND: The Dunning-Kruger effect refers to an excess of confidence regarding one’s abilities and knowledge; trust leads totransmitting information in an assertive manner, regardless of its validity or veracity, of experts, but of great impact on public opinion. This study evaluated the existence of the Dunning-Kruger effect in messages related to vaccination against COVID-19 onLinkedIn. METHODS: 448 messages were evaluated and the authors’ knowledge and training on the subject were related. In the statisticaltreatment, the Chi-square test was performed to determine if there is a significant association between the variables, establishing thelevel of significance at P<0.05. These procedures were carried out usingSPSS statistical software. RESULTS: 448 messages were analyzed. Of these, 153 reflected very high certainty, 115 medium certainty, 107 low certainty and 73reflected doubts. The group that issued the most messages with absolute certainty (41.8%) was the group with minimal knowledgeabout COVID-19. Of this group without knowledge on the subject, only 7.1% expressed messages without expressing certainty. Thegroup with very high knowledge on the subject was more likely to reflect uncertainty, communicating 15.7% of the messages withabsolute certainty and 37.1% with zero certainty. CONCLUSIONS: It is obtained that those people with less knowledge express their messages more assertively and present less acceptan-ce of the COVID-19 vaccine in their speeches. The presence of the Dunning-Kruger effect in relation to COVID-19 vaccination is demonstrated.(AU)

Felicidad / Felicidade / Happiness

The purpose of this editorial is to reflect, as micro-story, on the spaces where we seek happiness in our culture immersed in the digital age.(AU)

El propósito de esta editorial es reflexionar, en forma de micro-relato, sobre los espaciosdonde buscamos la felicidad en nuestra cultura sumergida en la era digital.(AU)

O objetivo deste editorial é refletir, sob a forma de uma micro-história, sobre os espaçosonde procuramos a felicidade na nossa cultura imersa na era digital

Digital literacy level and associated factors among health professionals in a referral and teaching hospital: An implication for future digital health systems implementation.

Background: In Ethiopia and other developing countries, electronic medical record systems and other health information technology are being introduced. However, a small proportion of low-income countries have successfully implemented national health information systems. One cause for this can be the lack of digital literacy among medical practitioners. As a result, this study aimed to assess health professionals' digital literacy level and associated factors in Northwest Ethiopia. Method: A quantitative cross-sectional study was employed among 423 health professionals working in a teaching and referral hospital in Northwest Ethiopia. We modified and applied the European commission's framework for digital competency to assess the level of digital literacy among health professionals. We used stratified random sampling with proportional allocation to the size of the departments in the hospital to select study participants. Data were collected using a semi-structured, self-administered, and pretested questionnaire. Descriptive and binary logistic regression analysis techniques were used to describe respondents' digital literacy level and identify its associated factor, respectively. The odds ratio with 95% CI and value of p were used to assess the strength of the association and statistical significance, respectively. Results: Out of 411 participants, 51.8% (95% CI, 46.9-56.6%) of health professionals had adequate digital literacy. Holding a master's degree (Adjusted OR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.18-3.85), access to digital technology (AOR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.12-3.17), having training in digital technology (AOR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.05-2.59), and having a positive attitude towards digital health technology (AOR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.02-2.68) were found to be significant factors associated with health professionals digital literacy level of health professionals. Conclusion: Low level of digital literacy among health professionals was observed, with nearly half (48.2%) of them having poor digital literacy levels. Access to digital technology, training on digital technology, and attitude toward digital health technology were significant factors associated with digital literacy. It is suggested to increase computer accessibility, provide a training program on digital health technology, and promote a positive attitude toward this technology to improve the deployment of health information systems.

Bienes públicos digitales / digital public goods

Uno de los ocho principios rectores de la transformación digital del sector de la salud promovidos por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud es el de los bienes públicos digitales. Esta sinopsis de políticas presenta conceptos clave, líneas de acción recomendadas e indicadores para su monitoreo con el objetivo de avanzar en la creación de bienes públicos digitales. De acuerdo con la definición de la OPS, este principio se propone cocrear bienes de salud pública digitales por un mundo más equitativo. "Los bienes públicos digitales, para fortalecer la salud y el bienestar de la población mundial, deben incluir software de código abierto, normas, algoritmos, datos, aplicaciones y contenidos diseñados con la arquitectura y el licenciamiento adecuados. Estos atributos deben permitir escalarlos en poblaciones y contextos diversos, además de aplicar las adaptaciones locales que proceda. Siempre primarán la responsabilidad y la sostenibilidad, pensando en un diseño centrado en el usuario, especialmente en poblaciones vulnerables con necesidades especiales en materia de tecnología y alfabetización digital". La transformación digital en el sector salud tiene como principal objetivo el acceso universal a la atención en salud, y para ello es necesario acceder y contar, entre otras cosas, con software y estándares que permitan la mejor captura y comunicación de la información clínica, con datos y contenidos de calidad y compartidos que garanticen la mejor atención en salud, la gestión sanitaria y la toma de decisiones. Esta transformación digital en salud debe anclarse en un entramado constituido por acuerdos de la comunidad internacional, estrategias integrales, legislación que la acompañe y en políticas públicas nacionales

Estrategia de superación profesional para potenciar la cultura informacional del docente universitario con el uso de herramientas infotecnológicas / Professional development strategy for the improvement of the information culture of university teachers through the use of information technology tools

Fundamento:La cultura informacional en las universidades desarrolla en los docentes universitarios buenas prácticas educativas con el uso de la información mediante herramientas infotecnológicas.Objetivo:Proponer una estrategia de superación profesional para potenciar la cultura informacional del docente universitario, con el uso de herramientas infotecnológicas.Metodología:Investigación pedagógica realizada en la universidad de Sancti Spíritus “José Martí Pérez” durante el periodo de tiempo comprendido entre el año 2020 y el 2021. Se utilizó el método histórico lógico y el inductivo deductivo para determinar los fundamentos teóricos y metodológicos que sustentan la cultura informacional en el proceso de superación profesional. La modelación, además de permitir estructurar la estrategia que se propone; permitió determinar los objetivos, etapas y la selección de las formas organizativas de las acciones propuestas. El criterio de expertos para evaluar la pertinencia de la propuesta mediante la comparación por pares.Resultados:Una estrategia de superación profesional estructurada en 4 etapas (diagnóstico, planeación estratégica, instrumentación, evaluación), que sustentada en el uso de herramientas infotecnológicas se orienta a potenciar la cultura informacional del docente universitario.Conclusiones:La estrategia de superación profesional propuesta resulta viable para potenciar la cultura informacional del docente universitario; la misma tiene una adecuada correspondencia entre sus etapas y acciones, los fundamentos y exigencias pedagógicas.[AU]

The role of digital literacy in achieving health equity in the third millennium society: A literature review.

Healthcare in the third millennium is largely delivered through systems involving the use of the technological devices and services, foremost among them telemedicine. For the adequate delivery of digital medicine services, however, it is necessary for users to be digitally literate, that is, able to consciously make use of technology. In order to understand how relevant digital literacy is in determining the effectiveness of e-Health services, we performed a traditional literature review on 3 major databases by combining the terms "Digital Literacy" and "Computer Literacy" with the terms "Telemedicine" and "Telehealth". Starting from an initial library of 1,077 papers, we selected 38 articles. At the outcome of the search, we found that digital literacy is a pivotal element in conditioning the effectiveness of telemedicine and digital medicine services in general, however, with some limitations.

Salud digital inclusiva / inclusive digital health

Uno de los ocho principios rectores para la transformación digital del sector de la salud promovidos por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud es la salud digital inclusiva. Esta sinopsis de políticas presenta conceptos clave, líneas de acción recomendadas e indicadores para su monitoreo con el objetivo de avanzar en materia de salud digital inclusiva. De acuerdo con la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), es fundamental acelerar el progreso hacia una salud digital inclusiva con énfasis en las personas en mayor situación de vulnerabilidad. No dejar a nadie atrás en la era digital requiere no solo llegar a las poblaciones en situación de mayor vulnerabilidad social, económica, geográfica o cultural, sino también a las personas y grupos poblacionales que carecen de alfabetización digital y de conexión. Las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) tienen el potencial de reducir las desigualdades en la salud, al permitir que las personas accedan a información y herramientas digitales de prevención y cuidado en el momento justo y el formato adecuado. La inclusión digital implica acceso apropiado, habilidades digitales y aspectos de usabilidad y navegabilidad en el desarrollo de soluciones tecnológicas. Todo ello debe alentar la inclusión, pero sin dejar de respetar la autonomía de las personas y poblaciones que decidan no utilizar los servicios digitales. El propósito de esta estrategia es mejorar el proceso de toma de decisiones y la formulación de políticas basadas en datos que contemplen las inequidades en la salud y avancen hacia el objetivo de la cobertura universal de salud y el acceso universal a la salud

La salud y sus determinantes en adultos mayores durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Health and its determinants in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introducción: La epidemia de COVID-19 ha sobrecargado los servicios de salud, por lo que los grupos de mayor edad pueden ser más vulnerables a los determinantes de la salud asociados con la pandemia de COVID-19. Objetivo: Analizar la salud y sus determinantes en adultos mayores durante el período de pandemia de COVID-19 en un área mediterránea. Metodología: Estudio observacional transversal realizado en un área mediterránea, España. Participantes:En total fueron 158 pacientes, de los que 40 tenían COVID-19, y 118 con otras patologías no COVID-19. Criterios de inclusión:Personas mayores de 60 años que acudieron al área básica de salud de estudio durante la pandemia de COVID-19 del 23 de febrero de 2021 al 15 de mayo de 2021. Se utilizó entrevista semiestructurada validada. Resultados: Las edades oscilaron entre 60 y 94 años con una media de edad (DE 77,297). Se observó una mayor comorbilidad en ambos grupos en hombres, así como un mayor hábito tabáquico. Con respecto a la variable vivir en pareja, se observó una asociación significativa en ambos grupos y por sexo (p < 0,009). En cuanto al uso de nuevas tecnologías, no se observó significación y los valores obtenidos fueron muy bajos, tanto en pacientes con COVID-19 como sin COVID-19. Conclusión: Parece necesario sensibilizar a las instituciones y animar a las familias, organizaciones de voluntariado y proyectos comunitarios a apoyar y comunicarse con las personas de esta franja etaria en contextos de pandemia. A su vez, se debe implementar e incentivar el uso de los recursos sociales para mejorar la asistencia y atención a las personas mayores para prevenir los efectos negativos de la pandemia relacionados con el aislamiento social (AU)

Introduction: The COVID-19 epidemic has overburdened health services, so older age groups may be more vulnerable to the determinants of health associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: To analyse health and its determinants in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic period in a Mediterranean area. Methodology: Observational cross-sectional study carried out in in a Mediterranean area, Spain. Participants: 158, COVID-19 patients (n = 40) and patients with other non-COVID-19 pathologies (n = 118). Inclusion criteria: People over 60 years of age who were seen in the basic health area of study during the COVID-19 pandemic from 23 February 2021 to 15 May 2021. A validated semi-structured interview was used. Results: Ages ranged from 60 to 94 years with a mean age (SD 77.297). A greater comorbidity was observed in both groups in men, as well as a greater smoking habit. With respect to the variable of living with a partner, a significant association was observed in both groups and by sex (p < 0.009). With regard to the use of new technologies, no significance was observed and the values obtained were very low in both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients. Conclusion:It seems necessary to raise awareness among institutions and to encourage families, voluntary organizations and community projects to support and communicate with people in this age group in pandemic contexts. In turn, the use of social resources should be implemented and encouraged to improve assistance and care for the elderly to prevent the negative effects of the pandemic related to social isolation (AU)

Exploring the eHealth literacy and mobile health application utilisation amongst Malaysian pharmacy students.

INTRODUCTION: Pharmacy students should be eHealth literate by being skilful in searching, evaluating and applying online health information. Mobile health applications should be utilised when making clinical decisions to achieve optimal patient care with the ever-changing pharmacy practice. This study aims to explore the eHealth literacy and mobile health application utilisation amongst pharmacy undergraduates. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to April 2021. An online survey, consisting of socio-demographic characteristics, Internet use, eHealth Literacy Scale and mobile health application utilisation, was distributed amongst pharmacy undergraduates in public and private universities in Malaysia. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance test, Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: A total of 415 participants completed the survey (response rate = 82.5%). The median eHealth Literacy Scale score (out of 40) was 31.0 ± 3.0 (interquartile range). More than one-third of participants (34.7%) were found to have low eHealth literacy. Many lacked confidence in making health decisions from online information (42.4%) and skills in distinguishing between high-quality and low-quality health resources (35.2%). Only 70.4% of the participants had mobile health applications installed on their smartphones and/or tablets. Some students felt that they were neither knowledgeable nor skilful enough to utilise mobile health applications (24.8%), whereas 23.9% were unaware of the mobile health applications available. CONCLUSION: In summary, the eHealth literacy of Malaysian pharmacy students can be further enhanced by incorporating eHealth literacy-focused programmes into the curriculum. Moreover, pharmacy students' mobile health application utilisation can be improved through increased awareness and support from universities.

A literacia digital em saúde na capacitação dos cuidadores informais / Digital health literacy in training informal caregivers

Introdução: A Literacia em Saúde permite otimizar estilos de vida saudáveis e comportamentos preventivos e protetores da saúde. O uso das tecnologias de informação e comunicação para a promoção da Literacia Digital em saúde, tornou-se cada vez mais atual, ultrapassando a barreira geográfica causada pelo isolamento social, tão presente durante a pandemia. Estarão os cuidadores informais capacitados para aceder a essa informação, compreendê-la e utilizá-la, tendo ganhos em saúde? Tendo como referencial teórico o Modelo de Promoção da Saúde de Nola Pender, realizou-se um projeto de intervenção, com o objetivo geral de contribuir para a capacitação dos cuidadores informais através da promoção da literacia digital em saúde. Metodologia: Este projeto teve por base a Metodologia do Planeamento em Saúde de Imperatori e Giraldes (1993). Foi realizado o diagnóstico da situação realizado através da utilização do questionário do projeto: Perfil dos Cuidadores Informais do Município de Lisboa. O projeto incidiu numa Unidade de Saúde Familiar do Aces Lisboa Norte, numa amostra não probabilística de conveniência. Resultados: Foi criado um manual digital interativo, abordando o estatuto do cuidador informal, direitos e deveres e a saúde do cuidador informal, disponibilizando links e QR codes para aceder a plataformas digitais relevantes ao tema. A execução do projeto decorreu no contexto de visitas domiciliárias, a 14 Cuidadores Informais. Verificou-se que quase metade dos cuidadores informais não utiliza plataformas digitais, por não saber utilizar ou por não ter internet no domicílio. Conclusões: A criação de ferramentas digitais deve ser direcionada para as características da população. Para as pessoas com baixa literacia digital, devem ser criadas tecnologias simples e às que não podem ou não querem usar ferramentas digitais, devem ser criadas alternativas adequadas.

Introduction: Health Literacy allows for optimizing healthy lifestyles and preventive and protective health behaviors. The use of information and communication technologies to promote Digital Health Literacy has become increasingly current, overcoming the geographical barrier caused by the social isolation, so present during the pandemic. Are the informal caregivers able to access this information, understand it and use it, having gains in health? Having as theoretical reference the Nola Pender Health Promotion Model, an intervention project was carried out, with the general objective of contributing to the training of informal caregivers through the promotion of digital health literacy. Methodology: This project was based on the Methodology of Health Planning of Imperatori and Giraldes (1993). The situation was diagnosed using the project questionnaire: Profile of The Informal Caregivers of the Municipality of Lisbon. The project focused on a Family Health Unit of Aces Lisboa Norte, a non-probabilistic sample of convenience. Results: An interactive digital manual was created, addressing the status of the informal caregiver, rights, and duties, and the health of the informal caregiver, providing links and QR codes to access digital platforms relevant to the subject. The execution of the project took place in the context of home visits to 14 Informal Caregivers. It was found that almost half of the informal caregivers do not use digital platforms, because they do not know how to use them or because they do not have the internet at home. Conclusions: The creation of digital tools should be directed to the characteristics of the population. For people with low digital literacy, simple technologies should be created and if they cannot or do not want to use digital tools, appropriate alternatives should be created.

Factors Influencing eHealth Literacy among Spanish Primary Healthcare Users: Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Adequate eHealth literacy levels empower people to make informed decisions, enhancing their autonomy. The current study assessed a group using primary care services for their eHealth literacy and examined its relationship with sociodemographic characteristics. METHODS: Adult patients in need of primary care nursing services participated in this cross-sectional study, which was carried out in a healthcare center in the Madrid region of Spain. Through systematic random sampling, 166 participants were chosen for the study. The eHealth Literacy Questionnaire was used to assess eHealth literacy (eHLQ). RESULTS: The studied population showed higher eHealth literacy scores in dimensions 2 ("understanding of health concepts and language") and 4 ("feel safe and in control"); the lowest scores were recorded for dimensions 1 ("using technology to process health information"), 3 ("ability to actively engage with digital services"), and 7 ("digital services that suit individual needs"). People with completed secondary education and a better-perceived health status who were younger and employed showed a higher level of eHealth literacy. CONCLUSIONS: The findings advance our knowledge of the variables affecting eHealth literacy. We may be able to understand patients' needs and provide them with greater support if we can pinpoint the areas where they demonstrate the lowest eHealth literacy.

Evaluación de las estrategias formativas digitales para profesionales sanitarios implementadas durante la pandemia por COVID-19 / Evaluation of the digital educational strategies for healthcare professionals implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic

Objetivo: evaluar la implementación de la estrategia educativa de microaprendizaje mediante el uso de una aplicación móvil para los profesionales sanitarios de un hospital universitario durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Método: se realizó una encuesta a trabajadores del hospital. Se monitorizaron las visualizaciones de las píldoras formativas. El cuestionario permitió recoger información del perfil sociodemográfico de los participantes, el uso de aplicaciones móviles formativas y el de las píldoras creadas ad hoc durante la pandemia por COVID-19. El número de usuarios registrados en la aplicación era de 4.572. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron mediante un análisis descriptivo, utilizándose la prueba T de Student y el test ANOVA para análisis bivariantes. Resultados: participaron 633 profesionales, edad media (DE) 44,8 (11,1) años. El 81,7% (n= 517) era mujer. El 93,5% (n= 592) era trabajador sanitario. Las enfermeras representaron el 41,2% (n= 261) y los médicos el 22,3% (n= 141). Durante la pandemia, el 55,8% (n= 353) de los sujetos del estudio había trabajado dando asistencia directa a pacientes COVID (+). El 94% (n= 595) utilizó la visualización de vídeos para formarse/informarse para su ámbito profesional. El 94,9% refirió conocer las píldoras formativas de la app Formación SanidadMadrid. Las 22 píldoras formativas recibieron 25.539 visualizaciones en total. Se registró alta satisfacción de los participantes en el uso de este método para su formación durante la pandemia. Conclusiones: la estrategia formativa de microlearning basada en píldoras formativas disponibles en una aplicación móvil demostró ser un elemento clave para el desarrollo de nuevas metodologías formativas digitales en el entorno hospitalario durante una situación pandémica.(AU)

Objective: to evaluate the implementation of the microlearning educational strategy through the use of a mobile application for the healthcare professionals of a university hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: a survey was conducted on hospital staff. The visualizations of knowledge pills were monitored. The questionnaire allowed to collect information about the sociodemographic profile of participants, the use of educational mobile applications, and of the pills created ad hoc during the COVID-19 pandemic. The number of users registered in the application was of 4,572. The data obtained were analysed through descriptive analysis, using the Student’s T test and the ANOVA test for bivariate analyses. Results: the study included 633 professionals, with a mean age (SD) of 44.8 (11.1) years; 81.7% (n= 517) were female and 93.5% (n= 592) were healthcare professionals. Nurses represented 41.2% (n= 261) of the sample, and doctors 22.3% (n= 141). During the pandemic, 55.8% (n= 353) of the study subjects had worked providing direct assistance to COVID (+) patients; 94% (n= 595) visualized videos for training / getting information for their professional setting; and 94.9% reported awareness of the knowledge pills by the Formación SanidadMadrid App. The 22 knowledge pills received 25,539 visualizations in total. There was high satisfaction by participants regarding the use of this method for their training during the pandemic. Conclusions: the microlearning educational strategy, based on knowledge pills available at a mobile application, demonstrated being a key element for the development of new digital training methodologies in the hospital setting during a pandemics scenario.(AU)

‘Digitalized’ Competences. A Crucial Challenge beyond Digital Competences / Las competencias "digitalizadas". Un reto crucial más allá de las competencias digitales

Today’s societies are experiencing a digitalization that is transforming organizations and jobs. Scholars, practitioners, and policy makers tend to focus on digital competences as a way to adapt the general population and workers to the technological revolution, enhance competitiveness and employability, and reduce social exclusion. It is important to develop “digital competences”, but we propose that this strategy only provides a partial view of the necessary capabilities. To achieve a more complete picture, “digitalized competences” should also be considered, that is, non-digital competences that are transformed through the intervention of digital technologies. Increasingly, jobs in which purely digital skills are not core elements change dramatically when they incorporate digital objects and processes. This change forces workers and professionals to perform traditional tasks in a very different way. It is likely that the shift from non-digital to digitalized competences involves a more pervasive transformation for organizations, jobs, and workers than pure digital competences. With this in mind, this article has two main objectives. First, we provide a definition of digitalized competences, linked to job transformation. Second, we use a typology of competences (professional, core cognitive, transversal, and leadership) and some cases to illustrate this change.(AU)

La sociedad actual experimenta un proceso de digitalización que está transformando las organizaciones y puestos de trabajo. Investigadores, profesionales y desarrolladores de políticas tienden a focalizar el reto de esa transformación en las competencias digitales cuando plantean la necesidad de preparar a la población general y a los trabajadores para esa revolución tecnológica, potenciar la competitividad y empleabilidad y reducir la exclusión social. Es importante desarrollar las competencias digitales, pero esta estrategia solo proporciona una visión parcial de las capacidades necesarias. Para conseguir una visión más completa se debe considerar las “competencias digitalizadas”, es decir aquellas competencias no digitales que se transforman por la introducción de las tecnologías digitales. De forma creciente, los trabajos en los que las competencias puramente digitales no son el elemento nuclear cambian de forma dramática cuando incorporan objetos y procesos digitales. Estos cambios empujan a los trabajadores y profesionales a desempeñar las tareas tradicionales de formas muy diferentes. Es probable que el cambio de las competencias no digitales a las digitalizadas implique una transformación más importante para las organizaciones, los puestos y los trabajadores que la derivada de la incorporación de las competencias puramente digitales. En este contexto, el artículo se plantea dos objetivos principales: primero, ofrecer una definición de las competencias digitalizadas vinculada a la transformación de los puestos de trabajo y segundo, el uso de una tipología de competencias (profesionales, cognitivas nucleares, transversales y de liderazgo) presentando casos que ilustren estos cambios.(AU)